What's The Oldest County in The State of Delaware?

Sussex County: Delaware’s Oldest County and Its Historic Roots

This article explores the origins of Sussex County, the significance of Lewes, and how this early settlement shaped the region’s identity.

The Enduring Roots of Zwaanendael: Unveiling Delaware's Oldest County

The history of Delaware, often overshadowed by its larger colonial neighbors, begins dramatically on the shores of the Atlantic. This story starts in the modern-day town of Lewes, whose founding in the early 17th century establishes Sussex County as the oldest county in the state.

The Birth of Lewes: A Dutch Whaling Outpost

The definitive origin of European settlement in Delaware dates back to 1631. In that year, a group of Dutch settlers, sponsored by the powerful Dutch West India Company, arrived with a bold vision: to establish a whaling colony. Led by Captain David Pietersz de Vries, the settlers named their outpost Zwaanendael, meaning "Swan Valley" in Dutch, a poetic nod to the abundant waterfowl found in the area.

The location, near the site of the modern town of Lewes, was strategically chosen for its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, where whales were plentiful, and its sheltered harbor along the Delaware Bay. The initial settlement consisted of about 30 men who built a fortified encampment and began whaling operations.

However, Zwaanendael’s early days were tragically brief. Within a year, growing tensions with local Native American tribes led to a devastating attack that wiped out the colony. While the Dutch returned in subsequent years, the original whaling venture never fully recovered. Despite its rocky start, the founding of Zwaanendael in 1631 cemented Lewes as the first European foothold in Delaware, laying the indispensable groundwork for Sussex County’s later historical prominence.

Sussex County: A Legacy Takes Shape

Sussex County itself was officially established later, in 1682, under English rule after the region passed from Dutch to British (and briefly Swedish) control. Named after the county of Sussex in England, it became one of Delaware’s three original counties, alongside Kent and New Castle.

However, its claim as the oldest county stems from the enduring historical significance and continuous presence of Lewes, which, as Zwaanendael, predates any other European settlement established in the state.

Over the centuries, Sussex County evolved significantly. It transitioned from its ambitious but failed whaling origins into a region primarily known for robust agriculture, maritime trade, and, more recently, a thriving tourism industry centered on its beautiful beaches. Lewes, often affectionately dubbed “The First Town in The First State,” grew into a charming coastal community that proudly preserves its historical roots. The town’s early struggles and resilience are powerfully commemorated at sites like the Zwaanendael Museum, which showcases artifacts and stories from the original 1631 Dutch settlement.

A Historical Anchor in Modern Delaware

Today, Sussex County is not only the oldest but also Delaware’s largest county by land area, spanning 936 square miles. It is a region of contrasts, encompassing vast expanses of rural farmland, the lively, bustling beach towns of Rehoboth and Bethany, and the historic gem of Lewes.

The county’s population has grown steadily, drawn by its scenic coastal beauty and relaxed, high-quality lifestyle, yet its historical significance remains a cornerstone of its identity. Lewes itself has transformed into a picturesque town featuring colonial architecture, a vibrant waterfront, and a reputation as a haven for history buffs. Visitors can explore landmarks like the Lewes Historical Society’s campus, which features preserved buildings that chronicle the town’s architectural and social evolution, or stroll along the Lewes-Rehoboth Canal, a reminder of its essential maritime heritage.

Why Sussex County Matters

The story of Sussex County, anchored by the founding of Lewes/Zwaanendael in 1631, is more than just a historical footnote. It’s a compelling testament to the tenacity and perseverance of the earliest European settlers and the enduring appeal of Delaware’s southern coast. As the undisputed oldest county in Delaware, Sussex represents the state’s very first steps into European colonization, effectively setting the stage for the profound cultural and economic development that followed, making it an indispensable starting point for understanding

In a state known as “The First State” for being the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution, Sussex County’s early beginnings add another layer of pride. From whaling to farming to tourism, the county has adapted through the centuries while holding fast to its origins. For residents and visitors alike, Sussex County offers a chance to step back in time, starting with the legacy of Lewes—a small Dutch settlement that dared to plant roots in the New World nearly 400 years ago.